Internet Draft Andrew G. Malis
Document: draft-ietf-pwe3-fragmentation-07.txt Tellabs
Expires: May 2005 W. Mark Townsley
Cisco Systems
November 2004
PWE3 Fragmentation and Reassembly
IPR Statement
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Abstract
This document defines a generalized method of performing
fragmentation for use by PWE3 protocols and services.
Table of Contents
1. Intellectual Property Statement...............................2
2. Overview......................................................2
3. Alternatives to PWE3 Fragmentation/Reassembly.................5
4. PWE3 Fragmentation With MPLS..................................5
4.1 Fragment Bit Locations For MPLS...........................5
4.2 Other Considerations......................................6
5. PWE3 Fragmentation With L2TP..................................6
5.1 PW-specific Fragmentation vs. IP fragmentation............7
5.2 Advertising Reassembly Support in L2TP....................7
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5.3 L2TP Maximum Receive Unit (MRU) AVP.......................8
5.4 L2TP Maximum Reassembled Receive Unit (MRRU) AVP..........8
5.5 Fragment Bit Locations For L2TPv3 Encapsulation...........8
5.6 Fragment Bit Locations for L2TPv2 Encapsulation...........9
6. Security Considerations......................................10
7. IANA Considerations..........................................10
8. Acknowledgements.............................................10
9. Normative References.........................................11
10. Informative References......................................11
11. Full Copyright Statement....................................12
12. Authors' Addresses..........................................12
13. Appendix A: Relationship Between This Document and RFC 1990.12
1. Intellectual Property Statement
The IETF takes no position regarding the validity or scope of any
Intellectual Property Rights or other rights that might be claimed
to pertain to the implementation or use of the technology described
in this document or the extent to which any license under such
rights might or might not be available; nor does it represent that
it has made any independent effort to identify any such rights.
Information on the procedures with respect to rights in RFC
documents can be found in BCP 78 and BCP 79.
Copies of IPR disclosures made to the IETF Secretariat and any
assurances of licenses to be made available, or the result of an
attempt made to obtain a general license or permission for the use
of such proprietary rights by implementers or users of this can be
obtained from the IETF on-line IPR repository at
http://www.ietf.org/ipr.
The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any
copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary
rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement
this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-
ipr@ietf.org.
2. Overview
The PWE3 Architecture Document [Architecture] defines a network
reference model for PWE3:
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|<-------------- Emulated Service ---------------->|
| |
| |<------- Pseudo Wire ------>| |
| | | |
| | |<-- PSN Tunnel -->| | |
| PW End V V V V PW End |
V Service +----+ +----+ Service V
+-----+ | | PE1|==================| PE2| | +-----+
| |----------|............PW1.............|----------| |
| CE1 | | | | | | | | CE2 |
| |----------|............PW2.............|----------| |
+-----+ ^ | | |==================| | | ^ +-----+
^ | +----+ +----+ | | ^
| | Provider Edge 1 Provider Edge 2 | |
| | | |
Customer | | Customer
Edge 1 | | Edge 2
| |
| |
native service native service
Figure 1: PWE3 Network Reference Model
A Pseudo Wire (PW) payload is normally relayed across the PW as a
single PSN (IP or MPLS) PDU. However, there are cases where the
combined size of the payload and its associated PWE3 and PSN
headers may exceed the PSN path Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU).
When a packet exceeds the MTU of a given network, fragmentation and
reassembly will allow the packet to traverse the network and reach
its intended destination.
Fragmentation is also useful for real-time applications when the
payload to be transmitted in a PW, such as a low-speed TDM
multiframe structure, takes too much time to be encapsulated even
though it may fit within the PW MTU. In this case, the payload may
be fragmented for lower-latency transmission.
The purpose of this document is to define a generalized method of
performing fragmentation for use with all PWE3 protocols and
services. This method should be utilized only in cases where MTU-
management methods fail. Due to the increased processing overhead,
fragmentation and reassembly in core network devices should always
be considered something to avoid whenever possible.
The PWE3 fragmentation and reassembly domain is shown in Figure 2:
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|<-------------- Emulated Service ---------------->|
| |<---Fragmentation Domain--->| |
| ||<------- Pseudo Wire ---->|| |
| || || |
| || |<-- PSN Tunnel -->| || |
| PW End VV V V VV PW End |
V Service +----+ +----+ Service V
+-----+ | | PE1|==================| PE2| | +-----+
| |----------|............PW1.............|----------| |
| CE1 | | | | | | | | CE2 |
| |----------|............PW2.............|----------| |
+-----+ ^ | | |==================| | | ^ +-----+
^ | +----+ +----+ | | ^
| | Provider Edge 1 Provider Edge 2 | |
| | | |
Customer | | Customer
Edge 1 | | Edge 2
| |
| |
native service native service
Figure 2: PWE3 Fragmentation/Reassembly Domain
Fragmentation takes place in the transmitting PE immediately prior
to PW insertion, and reassembly takes place in the receiving PE
immediately after PW extraction.
Since a sequence number is necessary for the fragmentation and
reassembly procedures, using the Sequence Number field on
fragmented packets is REQUIRED (see sections 4.1 and 5.5 for the
location of the Sequence Number fields for MPLS and L2TPv3
encapsulations respectively). The order of operation is that first
fragmentation is performed, and then the resulting fragments are
assigned sequential sequence numbers.
Depending on the specific PWE3 encapsulation in use, the value 0
may not be a part of the sequence number space, in which case its
use for fragmentation must follow this same rule - as the sequence
number is incremented, it skips zero and wraps from 65535 to 1.
Conversely, if the value 0 is part of the sequence space, then the
same sequence space is also used for fragmentation and reassembly.
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3. Alternatives to PWE3 Fragmentation/Reassembly
Fragmentation and reassembly in network equipment generally
requires significantly greater resources than sending a packet as a
single unit. As such, fragmentation and reassembly should be
avoided whenever possible. Ideal solutions for avoiding
fragmentation include proper configuration and management of MTU
sizes between the CE, PE and across the PSN, as well as adaptive
measures which operate with the originating host [e.g. [PATHMTU],
[PATHMTUv6]] to reduce the packet sizes at the source.
A PE MAY choose to fragment a packet before allowing it to enter a
PW. For example, if an IP packet arrives from a CE with an MTU
which will yield a PW packet which is greater than the PW MTU, the
PE may perform IP fragmentation on the packet. This effectively
creates two (or more) packets, each carrying an IP fragment, for
transport individually across the PW. The receiving PE is unaware
that the originating host did not perform the IP fragmentation, and
as such does not treat the PW packets in any special way. This
ultimately has the affect of placing the burden of fragmentation on
the PE, and reassembly on the IP destination host.
4. PWE3 Fragmentation With MPLS
When using the signaling procedures in [MPLS-Control], there is a
Virtual Circuit FEC element parameter ID used to signal the use of
fragmentation when advertising a VC label:
Parameter ID Length Description
0x09 2 Fragmentation indicator
The presence of this parameter ID in the VC FEC element indicates
that the receiver is able to reassemble fragments when the control
word is in use for the VC label being advertised. It does not
obligate the sender to use fragmentation; it is simply an
indication that the sender MAY use fragmentation. The sender MUST
NOT use fragmentation if this parameter ID is not present in the VC
FEC element.
If [MPLS-Control] signaling is not in use, then whether or not to
use fragmentation MUST be provisioned in the sender.
4.1 Fragment Bit Locations For MPLS
MPLS-based PWE3 uses the following control word format [Control-
Word], with the B and E fragmentation bits identified in position 8
and 9:
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Rsvd | Flags |B|E| Length | Sequence Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 3: MPLS PWE3 Control Word
The B and E bits are defined as follows:
BE
--
00 indicates that the entire (un-fragmented) payload is carried
in a single packet
01 indicates the packet carrying the first fragment
10 indicates the packet carrying the last fragment
11 indicates a packet carrying an intermediate fragment
See Appendix A for a discussion of the derivation of these values
for the B and E bits.
See section 2 for the description of the use of the Sequence Number
field.
4.2 Other Considerations
Path MTU [PATHMTU] [PATHMTUv6] may be used to dynamically determine
the maximum size for fragments. The application of path MTU to MPLS
is discussed in [LABELSTACK]. The maximum size of the fragments may
also be provisioned. The signaled Interface MTU parameter in [MPLS-
Control] SHOULD be used to set the maximum size of the reassembly
buffer for received packets to make optimal use of reassembly
buffer resources.
5. PWE3 Fragmentation With L2TP
This section defines the location of the B and E bits for L2TPv3
[L2TPv3] and L2TPv2 [L2TPv2] headers, as well as the signaling
mechanism for advertising MRU (Maximum Receive Unit) values and
support for fragmentation on a given PW. As IP is the most common
PSN used with L2TP, IP fragmentation and reassembly is discussed as
well.
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5.1 PW-specific Fragmentation vs. IP fragmentation
When proper MTU management across a network fails, IP fragmentation
and reassembly may be used to accommodate MTU mismatches between
tunnel endpoints. If the overall traffic requiring fragmentation
and reassembly is very light, or there are sufficient optimized
mechanisms for IP fragmentation and reassembly available, IP
fragmentation and reassembly may be sufficient.
When facing a large number of PW packets requiring fragmentation
and reassembly, a PW-specific method has properties that
potentially allow for more resource-friendly implementations.
Specifically, the ability to assign buffer usage on a per-PW basis
and PW sequencing may be utilized to gain advantage over a general
mechanism applying to all IP packets across all PWs. Further, PW
fragmentation may be more easily enabled in a selective manner for
some or all PWs, rather than enabling reassembly for all IP traffic
arriving at a given node.
Deployments MUST avoid a situation which relies upon a combination
of IP and PW fragmentation and reassembly on the same node. Such
operation clearly defeats the purpose behind the mechanism defined
in this document. Care must be taken to ensure that the MTU/MRU
values are set and advertised properly at each tunnel endpoint to
avoid this. When fragmentation is enabled within a given PW, the DF
bit MUST be set on all L2TP over IP packets for that PW.
L2TPv3 nodes SHOULD participate in Path MTU [PATHMTU], [PATHMTUv6]
for automatic adjustment of the PW MTU.
5.2 Advertising Reassembly Support in L2TP
The constructs defined in this section for advertising
fragmentation support in L2TP are applicable to [L2TPv3] and
[L2TPv2].
This document defines two new AVPs to advertise maximum receive
unit values and reassembly support. These AVPs MAY be present in
the ICRQ, ICRP, ICCN, OCRQ, OCRP, OCCN, or SLI messages. The most
recent value received always takes precedence over a previous
value, and MUST be dynamic over the life of the session if received
via the SLI message. One of the two new AVPs (MRRU) is used to
advertise that PWE3 reassembly is supported by the sender of the
AVP. Reassembly support MAY be unidirectional.
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5.3 L2TP Maximum Receive Unit (MRU) AVP
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| MRU |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
MRU (Maximum Receive Unit), attribute number TBD1, is the maximum
size in octets of a fragmented or complete PW frame, including L2TP
encapsulation, receivable by the side of the PW advertising this
value. The advertised MRU does NOT include the PSN header (i.e. the
IP and/or UDP header). This AVP does not imply that PWE3
fragmentation or reassembly is supported. If reassembly is not
enabled or unavailable, this AVP may be used alone to advertise the
MRU for a complete frame.
All L2TP AVPs have an M (Mandatory) bit, H (Hidden) bit, Length,
and Vendor ID. This AVP may be hidden (the H bit may be 0 or 1).
The M bit for this AVP SHOULD be set to 0. The Length (before
hiding) is 8. The Vendor ID is the IETF Vendor ID of 0.
5.4 L2TP Maximum Reassembled Receive Unit (MRRU) AVP
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| MRRU |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
MRRU (Maximum Reassembled Receive Unit AVP), attribute number TBD2,
is the maximum size in octets of a reassembled frame, including any
PW framing, but not including the L2TP encapsulation or L2-specific
sublayer. Presence of this AVP signifies the ability to receive PW
fragments and reassemble them. Packet fragments MUST NOT be sent to
an implementation which has not received this value from its peer
in a control message. If the MRRU is present in a message, the MRU
AVP MUST be present as well.
All L2TP AVPs have an M (Mandatory) bit, H (Hidden) bit, Length,
and Vendor ID. This AVP may be hidden (the H bit may be 0 or 1).
The M bit for this AVP SHOULD be set to 0. The Length (before
hiding) is 8. The Vendor ID is the IETF Vendor ID of 0.
5.5 Fragment Bit Locations For L2TPv3 Encapsulation
The B and E bits are defined as bits 2 and 3 in the L2TPv3 default
L2-specific sublayer as depicted below, using the values defined in
section 3.1:
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0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|x|S|B|E|x|x|x|x| Sequence Number |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 4: L2TPv3 over IP Header
The S bit is as defined in [L2TPv3]. Location of the B and E bits
for PW-Types which use a variant L2 specific sublayer are outside
the scope of this document.
When fragmentation is used, an L2-Specific Sublayer with B and E
bits defined MUST be present in all data packets for a given
session. Presence of the L2-Specific Sublayer is advertised via AVP
69, L2-Specific Sublayer AVP, defined in section 5.4.4 of [L2TPv3].
See section 4.1 for the description of the use of the B and E bits.
See section 2 for the description of the use of the Sequence Number
field.
5.6 Fragment Bit Locations for L2TPv2 Encapsulation
The B and E bits are defined as bits 8 and 9 for the L2TPv2 header
as depicted below (subject to IANA action), using the values
defined in section 3.1:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|T|L|x|x|S|x|O|P|B|E|x|x| Ver | Length (opt) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Tunnel ID | Session ID |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Ns (opt) | Nr (opt) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| Offset Size (opt) | Offset pad... (opt)
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 5: L2TPv2 over UDP Header
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6. Security Considerations
As with any additional protocol construct, each level of complexity
adds the potential to exploit protocol and implementation errors.
Implementers should be especially careful of not tying up an
abundance of resources, even for the most pathological combination
of packet fragments that could be received. Beyond these issues of
general implementation quality, there are no known notable security
issues with using the mechanism defined in this document. It
should be pointed out that RFC 1990, on which this document is
based, and its derivatives have been widely implemented and
extensively used in the Internet and elsewhere.
[IPFRAG-SEC] and [TINYFRAG] describe potential network attacks
associated with IP fragmentation and reassembly. The issues
described in these documents attempt to bypass IP access controls
by sending various carefully formed "tiny fragments", or by
exploiting the IP offset field to cause fragments to overlap and
rewrite interesting portions of an IP packet after access checks
have been performed. The latter is not an issue with the PW-
specific fragmentation method described in this document as there
is no offset field; However, implementations MUST be sure to not
allow more than one whole fragment to overwrite another in a
reconstructed frame. The former may be a concern if packet
filtering and access controls are being placed on tunneled frames
within the PW encapsulation. To circumvent any possible attacks in
either case, all filtering and access controls should be applied to
the resulting reconstructed frame rather than any PW fragments.
7. IANA Considerations
This document does not define any new values for IANA to maintain.
This document requires definition of two reserved bits in the
L2TPv2 [L2TPv2] header. Locations are noted by the "B" and "E" bits
in section 5.6.
This document requires IANA to assign two new L2TP "Control Message
Attribute Value Pairs" (TBD1 and TBD2 in this document).
8. Acknowledgements
Thanks to Eric Rosen for his review of this document.
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9. Normative References
[Control-Word] Bryant, S. et al, "PWE3 Control Word for use over an
MPLS PSN", draft-ietf-pwe3-cw-00.txt, October 2004, work in
progress
[LABELSTACK] Rosen, E. et al, "MPLS Label Stack Encoding", RFC
3032, January 2001
[L2TPv2] Townsley, Valencia, Rubens, Pall, Zorn, Palter, "Layer Two
Tunneling Protocol 'L2TP'", RFC 2661, June 1999
[L2TPv3] Lau, J. et al, "Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (Version 3)
'L2TPv3'", RFC 3931, November 2004.
[MLPPP] Sklower, K. et al, "The PPP Multilink Protocol (MP)", RFC
1990, August 1996
[MPLS-Control] Martini, L. et al, "Pseudowire Setup and Maintenance
using LDP", draft-ietf-pwe3-control-protocol-13.txt, November
2004, work in progress
[PATHMTU] Mogul, J. C. et al, "Path MTU Discovery", RFC 1191,
November 1990
[PATHMTUv6] McCann, J. et al, "Path MTU Discovery for IP version
6", RFC 1981, August 1996
10. Informative References
[Architecture] Bryant, S. et al, "PWE3 Architecture", draft-ietf-
pwe3-arch-07.txt, March 2004, work in progress
[FAST] ATM Forum, "Frame Based ATM over SONET/SDH Transport
(FAST)", af-fbatm-0151.000, July 2000
[FRF.12] Frame Relay Forum, "Frame Relay Fragmentation
Implementation Agreement", FRF.12, December 1997
[IPFRAG-SEC] Ziemba, G., Reed, D., Traina, P., "Security
Considerations for IP Fragment Filtering", RFC 1858, October
1995
[TINYFRAG] Miller, I., "Protection Against a Variant of the Tiny
Fragment Attack", RFC 3128, June 2001
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11. Full Copyright Statement
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2004). This document is
subject to the rights, licenses and restrictions contained in BCP
78 and except as set forth therein, the authors retain all their
rights.
This document and the information contained herein are provided on
an "AS IS" basis and THE CONTRIBUTOR, THE ORGANIZATION HE/SHE
REPRESENTS OR IS SPONSORED BY (IF ANY), THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND
THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES,
EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT
THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR
ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
12. Authors' Addresses
Andrew G. Malis
Tellabs
90 Rio Robles Drive
San Jose, CA 95134
Email: Andy.Malis@tellabs.com
W. Mark Townsley
Cisco Systems
7025 Kit Creek Road
PO Box 14987
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
Email: mark@townsley.net
Appendix A: Relationship Between This Document and RFC 1990
The fragmentation of large packets into smaller units for
transmission is not new. One fragmentation and reassembly method
was defined in RFC 1990, Multi-Link PPP [MLPPP]. This method was
also adopted for both Frame Relay [FRF.12] and ATM [FAST] network
technology. This document adopts the RFC 1990 fragmentation and
reassembly procedures as well, with some distinct modifications
described in this appendix. Familiarity with RFC 1990 is assumed.
RFC 1990 was designed for use in environments where packet
fragments may arrive out of order due to their transmission on
multiple parallel links, specifying that buffering be used to place
the fragments in correct order. For PWE3, the ability to reorder
fragments prior to reassembly is OPTIONAL; receivers MAY choose to
drop frames when a lost fragment is detected. Thus, when the
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sequence number on received fragments shows that a fragment has
been skipped, the partially reassembled packet MAY be dropped, or
the receiver MAY wish to wait for the fragment to arrive out of
order. In the latter case, a reassembly timer MUST be used to
avoid locking up buffer resources for too long a period.
Dropping out-of-order fragments on a given PW can provide a
considerable scalability advantage for network equipment performing
reassembly. If out-of-order fragments are a relatively rare event
on a given PW, throughput should not be adversely affected by this.
Note, however, if there are cases where fragments of a given frame
are received out-or-order in a consistent manner (e.g. a short
fragment is always switched ahead of a larger fragment) then
dropping out-of-order fragments will cause the fragmented frame to
never be received. This condition may result in an effective denial
of service to a higher-lever application. As such, implementations
fragmenting a PW frame MUST at the very least ensure that all
fragments are sent in order from their own egress point.
An implementation may also choose to allow reassembly of a limited
number of fragmented frames on a given PW, or across a set of PWs
with reassembly enabled. This allows for a more even distribution
of reassembly resources, reducing the chance of a single or small
set of PWs exhausting all reassembly resources for a node. As with
dropping out-of-order fragments, there are perceivable cases where
this may also provide an effective denial of service. For example,
if fragments of multiple frames are consistently received before
each frame can be reconstructed in a set of limited PW reassembly
buffers, then a set of these fragmented frames will never be
delivered.
RFC 1990 headers use two bits which indicate the first and last
fragments in a frame, and a sequence number. The sequence number
may be either 12 or 24 bits in length (from [MLPPP]):
0 7 8 15
+-+-+-+-+-------+---------------+
|B|E|0|0| sequence number |
+-+-+-+-+-------+---------------+
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+---------------+
|B|E|0|0|0|0|0|0|sequence number|
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+---------------+
| sequence number (L) |
+---------------+---------------+
Figure 6: RFC 1990 Header Formats
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PWE3 fragmentation takes advantage of existing PW sequence numbers
and control bit fields wherever possible, rather than defining a
separate header exclusively for the use of fragmentation. Thus, it
uses neither of the RFC 1990 sequence number formats described
above, relying instead on the sequence number that already exists
in the PWE3 header.
RFC 1990 defines a two one-bit fields, a (B)eginning fragment bit
and an (E)nding fragment bit. The B bit is set to 1 on the first
fragment derived from a PPP packet and set to 0 for all other
fragments from the same PPP packet. The E bit is set to 1 on the
last fragment and set to 0 for all other fragments. A complete
unfragmented frame has both the B and E bits set to 1.
PWE3 fragmentation inverts the value of the B and E bits, while
retaining the operational concept of marking the beginning and
ending of a fragmented frame. Thus, for PW the B bit is set to 0 on
the first fragment derived from a PW frame and set to 1 for all
other fragments derived from the same frame. The E bit is set to 0
on the last fragment and set to 1 for all other fragments. A
complete unfragmented frame has both the B and E bits set to 0. The
motivation behind this value inversion for the B and E bits is to
allow complete frames (and particularly, implementations that only
support complete frames) to simply leave the B and E bits in the
header set 0.
In order to support fragmentation, the B and E bits MUST be defined
or identified for all PWE3 tunneling protocols. Sections 4 and 5
define these locations for PWE3 MPLS [Control-Word], L2TPv2
[L2TPv2], and L2TPv3 [L2TPv3] tunneling protocols.
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